- Open nasal (e.g. with cleft lip and palate)
Neurological disorders
Eg after a stroke, traumatic brain injury, tumors, neurological diseases: multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's ...)
- Speech disorders (aphasias): impaired speaking, understanding, reading and writing
- Speech disorders (dysarthria, speech apraxia): impaired pronunciation, voice and breathing
- Swallowing disorders (dysphagia): impaired food intake